What is Resistance?

Mutations & Resistance in HIV

Managing Resistance to HIV Therapy

Resistance Quiz

References

Credits

1. Wei X, Ghosh SK, Taylor ME, et al. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature 1995; 373: 117 - 122.
   
   
2. Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, et al. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 1995; 373: 123 - 126.
   
   
3. Coffin JM. HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis and therapy. Science 1995; 267: 483 - 489.
   
   
4. Kunzi MS, Groopman JE. Identification of a novel human immunodeficiency virus strain cytopathic to megakaryocytic cells. Blood 1993; 81: 3336 - 3342.
   
   
5. Connor RI, Ho DD. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased replicative capacity develop during the asymptomatic stage before disease progression. J Virol 1994; 68: 4400 - 4408.
   
   
6. Mohri H, Singh MK, Ching WTW, Ho DD. Quantitation of zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the blood of treated and untreated patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 25 - 29.
   
   
7. N�jera I, Richman DD, Olivares I, et al. Natural occurrence of drug resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10: 1479 - 1488.
   
   
8. N�jera I, Holgu�n A, Qui�ones-Mateu E, et al. Pol gene quasispecies of human immunodeficiency virus: mutations associated with drug resistance in virus from patients undergoing no drug therapy. J Virol 1995; 69: 23 - 31.
   
   
9. Frost SDW, McLean AR. Quasispecies dynamics and the emergence of drug resistance during zidovudine therapy of HIV infection. AIDS 1994; 8: 323 - 332.
   
   
10. Kellam P, Boucher CAB, Tijnagal JMGH, Larder BA. Zidovudine treatment results in the selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants whose genotypes confer increasing levels of drug resistance. J Gen Virol 1994; 75: 341 - 351.
    
    
11. Cleland A, Watson HG, Robertson P, Ludlam CA, Leigh Brown AJ. Evolution of zidovudine resistance-associated genotypes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. J ACQUIR HUM IMMUNE DEFIC SYNDR HUM RETROVIRUSS 1996;12;6-18
    
    
12. BHIVA Guidelines Co-ordinating Committee. British HIV association guidelines for antiretroviral treatment of HIV seropositive individuals. Lancet 1997;349:1086-1092.
    
13. Rooke R, Tremblay M, Soudeyns H, et al. Isolation of drug-resistant variants of HIV-1 from patients on long-term zidovudine therapy. AIDS 1989; 3: 411 - 415.
    
    
14. Albert J, Wahlberg J, Lundeberg J, et al. Persistence of azidothymidine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA genotypes in post-treatment sera. J Virol 1992; 66:5627 - 5630.
    
    
15. Condra JH, Schleif WA, Blahy OM, et al. Evidence for the existence of long-lived genetic reservoirs of HIV-1 in infected patients. 4th International HIV drug-resistance Workshop, Sardinia, 1995; Abstract 82.
    

Credits