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References for Resistance

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  2. Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, et al. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 1995; 373: 123 - 126.

  3. Coffin JM. HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis and therapy. Science 1995; 267: 483 - 489.

  4. Kunzi MS, Groopman JE. Identification of a novel human immunodeficiency virus strain cytopathic to megakaryocytic cells. Blood 1993; 81: 3336 - 3342.

  5. Connor RI, Ho DD. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased replicative capacity develop during the asymptomatic stage before disease progression. J Virol 1994; 68: 4400 - 4408.

  6. Mohri H, Singh MK, Ching WTW, Ho DD. Quantitation of zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the blood of treated and untreated patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 25 - 29.

  7. Nájera I, Richman DD, Olivares I, et al. Natural occurrence of drug resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10: 1479 - 1488.

  8. Nájera I, Holguín A, Quiñones-Mateu E, et al. Pol gene quasispecies of human immunodeficiency virus: mutations associated with drug resistance in virus from patients undergoing no drug therapy. J Virol 1995; 69: 23 - 31.

  9. Frost SDW, McLean AR. Quasispecies dynamics and the emergence of drug resistance during zidovudine therapy of HIV infection. AIDS 1994; 8: 323 - 332.

  10. Kellam P, Boucher CAB, Tijnagal JMGH, Larder BA. Zidovudine treatment results in the selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants whose genotypes confer increasing levels of drug resistance. J Gen Virol 1994; 75: 341 - 351.

  11. Cleland A, Watson HG, Robertson P, Ludlam CA, Leigh Brown AJ. Evolution of zidovudine resistance-associated genotypes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. J ACQUIR HUM IMMUNE DEFIC SYNDR HUM RETROVIRUSS 1996;12;6-18

  12. BHIVA Guidelines Co-ordinating Committee. British HIV association guidelines for antiretroviral treatment of HIV seropositive individuals. Lancet 1997;349:1086-1092.

  13. Rooke R, Tremblay M, Soudeyns H, et al. Isolation of drug-resistant variants of HIV-1 from patients on long-term zidovudine therapy. AIDS 1989; 3: 411 - 415.

  14. Albert J, Wahlberg J, Lundeberg J, et al. Persistence of azidothymidine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA genotypes in post-treatment sera. J Virol 1992; 66:5627 - 5630.

  15. Condra JH, Schleif WA, Blahy OM, et al. Evidence for the existence of long-lived genetic reservoirs of HIV-1 in infected patients. 4th International HIV drug-resistance Workshop, Sardinia, 1995; Abstract 82.
Resistance Credits

Dr Graeme Moyle
Graeme Moyle is the Associate Director of HIV Research at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.

His work involves co-ordination of, and recruitment to, clinical research trials, together with the clinical management of persons with HIV infection. Dr Moyle has spent the last 8 years working in HIV research, mostly at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital.

His research interests focus on the clinical development and rational use of antiretroviral agents. He is the author of over 30 major journal articles and 6 educational booklets on HIV. He is currently editor of HIV & AIDS Current Trends and is an adviser to several UK-based PWA education organisations.


 
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